Leibniz, race, nation . . . & universal language!
I am amazed when two entirely separate interests unexpectedly intersect. In this case, I had just acquired a book on the issue of racism in early modern philosophy. (I am footnoted in the essay on Spinoza.) I turned to this essay on Leibniz:
Fenves, Peter. “Imagining an Inundation of Australians; or, Leibniz on the Principles of Grace and Race,” in Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy, edited by Andrew Valls (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp. 73-89.
The editor Andrew Valls summarizes Fenves' argument on p. 10. To add to it: Leibniz is mistakenly identified as a pioneer in the advocacy of 'race' as a concept, where in actuality he never endorsed François Bernier's work. The closest he came to advocacy of noxious distinctions was in his youthful proposal to unite the powers of Europe in a campaign of conquest of the 'semi-beasts' of the non-Christian world and even to indoctrinate them as servile conscripts in this campaign. Liebniz's views of language are relevant here, and may be damning in a way that we would not otherwise realize. The concept of race, though, is not at issue. Leibniz's mature philosophy makes the concept of race practically unworkable, as, according to the monadology the classification of individuals and their conceptual subsumption into larger groups becomes metaphysically problematic. Furthermore, he revises his notions of non-Christian non-Europeans, taking the example of 'Australians', and argues that as rational beings they could be converted to Christianity.
This is certainly interesting, and as far as the military campaign is concerned, even more damning than what most people know about Leibniz's proposal for the invasion of Egypt as a deflection from the prospect of war in Europe. But the unexpected twist here is that there is a connection to Leibniz's interest in a universal language (and his advocacy of national languages and national particularity, e.g. with respect to German) and even to the taxonomy of the most successful inventor of an a priori artificial language, John Wilkins!
Who knew? But you can read the relevant extract for yourself:
Leibniz on Language, Race, and Nation
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